1. Campus
2. Signup
3. Ari

Download Ebook: philosophy who needs it in PDF Format. Also available for mobile reader.

Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was a novelist-philosopher who outlined a comprehensive philosophy, including an epistemology and a theory of art, in her novels and essays. Windows xp sp3 gamer edition iso. Early in her career she also wrote short stories, plays, and screenplays. Rand’s first and most autobiographical novel, We the Living (1936), set in the Soviet Union, was published only after many rejections, owing to widespread sympathy for the Soviet “experiment” among the intellectuals of the day. We the Living was quickly followed by the dystopian novel, Anthem (1938), written as “a kind of rest” from work on her next major novel, The Fountainhead (1943).

The Fountainhead, also published after many rejections because of its individualism, and largely panned by critics, soon became a best-seller by word of mouth. The Fountainhead brought Rand international fame, and Atlas Shrugged (1957) sealed this fame. By 1958, Rand’s novels, increasingly philosophical, had won her ideas a sufficiently devoted following for her to form, in association with psychologist Nathaniel Branden (with whom she later broke), an official “Objectivist” philosophical movement, complete with journals and lecture courses. For all her popularity, however, only a few professional philosophers have taken her work seriously.

As a result, most of the serious philosophical work on Rand has appeared in non-academic, non-peer-reviewed journals, or in books, and the bibliography reflects this fact. We discuss the main reasons for her rejection by most professional philosophers in the first section.

Campus

Our discussion of Rand’s philosophical views, especially her moral-political views, draws from both her non-fiction and her fiction, since her views cannot be accurately interpreted or evaluated without doing so. Bibliography Works by Rand.

1943, The Fountainhead, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. 1953, Anthem, (1 st ed. 1938), Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. 1957 1992, Atlas Shrugged, New York: Random House; 1992, 35th Anniversary edition, New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. 1959, We the Living, (1 st ed. 1936), New York: Macmillan.

1961a, For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, New York: New American Library. 1961b, “The Objectivist Ethics”, in Rand 1964a: 13–39. 1961c, “America’s Persecuted Minority: Big Business”, in Rand 1967a: 44–62. 1962a, “The ‘Conflicts’ of Men’s Interests”, Objectivist Newsletter (August), Rand 1982b, reprinted in Rand 1964a: 57–65.

1962b, “The Monument Builders”, Objectivist Newsletter (December), Rand 1982b, reprinted in Rand 1964a: 100–107. 1963a, “The Nature of Government”, Objectivist Newsletter (December), Rand 1982b, reprinted in Rand 1964a: 125–134, and Rand 1967a: 329–337. 1963b, “Man’s Rights”, Objectivist Newsletter (April), Rand 1982b, reprinted in Rand 1964a: 92–100, and Rand 1967a: 320–328. 1963c, “The Ethics of Emergencies”, Objectivist Newsletter (February), reprinted in Rand 1964a: 43–49.

1963d, “Collectivized ‘Rights’”, Objectivist Newsletter (June), reprinted in Rand 1982b, reprinted in Rand 1964a: 118–124. 1964a, The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism, New York: New American Library.

Contains Rand’s main statement of her ethics originally delivered as a lecture, and essays by Rand and Nathaniel Branden published in The Objectivist Newsletter (Rand 1982b) between 1961 and 1964. 1964b, “Playboy Interview: Ayn Rand”, by Alvin Toffler, Playboy (March), 35–43. 1964c, “Is Atlas Shrugging?” Originally delivered as a lecture, published in 1967a: 150–66. 1965, “What Is Capitalism?”, Objectivist Newsletter (November-December), Rand 1982b; reprinted in Rand 1967: 11–34. 1966a, “The Roots of War”, Objectivist (June), 1982c; reprinted in Rand 1967a: 35–43. 1966b, “Philosophy and Sense of Life”, Rand 1975: 25–33. 1967a, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal.

New York: New American Library. 1967b, “Faith and Force: Destroyers of the Modern World”, in Rand 1982a: 70–92. 1968a, “Of Living Death”, The Objectivist (September-November), Rand 1982c; reprinted in Rand 1990b: 46–63.

1968b, “On a Woman President”, in Rand 1990b: 267–270. 1970, “Causality Versus Duty” in Rand 1982a: 95–101. 1971a, The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, New York: New American Library. 1971b 1968, Night of January 16 th, (1 st ed. 1968), New York: Plume.

Signup

1973a, “The Metaphysical Versus the Man-Made”, Ayn Rand Letter 2.12–13 (Rand 1979); reprinted in Rand 1982a: 23–34. 1973b, “Selfishness Without a Self”, in Rand 1982a: 46–51. 1973c, ““Censorship: Local and Express””, in Rand 1982a: 172–188. 1974, “Moral Inflation”, Ayn Rand Letter 3.12–14 (Rand 1979). 1975 1969, The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature: Second Revised Edition (1 st ed.

1969), New York: New American Library. 1979, The Ayn Rand Letter (original pub. 1971–1976), Palo Alto, CA: Palo Alto Book Service. 1981, “The Age of Mediocrity”, Objectivist Forum (Binswanger 1993) 2.3: 1–11. 1982a, Philosophy: Who Needs It, New York: Bobbs-Merrill. 1982b, The Objectivist Newsletter (original pub. 1962–1966), Palo Alto, CA: Palo Alto Book Service.

1982c, The Objectivist (original pub. 1966–1971), Palo Alto, CA: Palo Alto Book Service. 1986, The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z, H. Binswanger (ed.), New York: Meridian. 1990a ITOE 1979, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, expanded second edition, H. Binswanger and L.

Peikoff (eds), New York: Meridian; 1 st edition, 1979. 1990b, The Voice of Reason: Essays in Objectivist Thought, L. Peikoff (ed.), New York: Meridian.

1995a, Letters of Ayn Rand, M. Berliner (ed.), New York: Plume. 1995b, Ayn Rand’s Marginalia: Her Critical Comments on the Writings of Over 20 Authors, Robert Mayhew (ed.), New Milford, Conn.: Second Renaissance. 1997, Journals of Ayn Rand, D.

Harriman (ed.), New York: Plume. 1998 1962, The Ayn Rand Column, (2 nd ed., original pub. Schwartz (ed.), New Milford, Conn.: Second Renaissance. 1999a, Return of the Primitive: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, P. Schwartz (ed.), New York: Meridian, 1999. 1999b, The Ayn Rand Reader, G. Peikoff, New York: Plume.

2000, The Art of Fiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers, T. Boeckmann (ed.), New York: Plume, 2000.

2001, The Art of Nonfiction: A Guide for Writers and Readers, R. Mayhew (ed.), New York: Plume. 2005a 1984, The Early Ayn Rand: Revised Edition: A Selection from Her Unpublished Fiction (1 st ed. Peikoff (ed.), New York: New American Library.

2005b, Ayn Rand Answers: The Best of Her Q & A, Robert Mayhew (ed.), New York: New American Library. 2009, Objectively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed, M. Podritske and P.

Schwartz (eds), Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Works by Others. Badhwar, N.K., 1993a, “Altruism vs Self-Interest: Sometimes a False Dichotomy”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 10(1): 90–117 and in Altruism, E. Paul (ed.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. –––, 1999, “Is Virtue Only a Means to Happiness? An Analysis of Virtue and Happiness in Ayn Rand’s Writings”, Reason Papers No.

–––, 2001, Is Virtue Only a Means to Happiness? An Analysis of Virtue and Happiness in Ayn Rand’s Writings, with Commentaries by Jay Friedenberg, Lester H. Hunt, and David Kelley, and a Reply by Badhwar. Poughkeepsie: Objectivist Center. –––, 2014, Well-being: Happiness in a Worthwhile Life. New York: Oxford University Press. –––, forthcoming-a, “Ayn Rand on Liberty”, in Aaron Powell (ed.), Arguments for Liberty, Washington D.C.: Cato.

–––, forthcoming-b, “Ayn Rand and Aristotle on the Unity of Virtue”, in Gotthelf, Lennox, and Salmieri (eds.) forthcoming. Barnes, H., 1978, “Egoistic Humanism: Ayn Rand’s Objectivism”, in An Existentialist Ethics Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1 st ed. Binswanger, H., 1990, The Biological Basis of Teleological Concepts, Los Angeles: Ayn Rand Institute.

–––, 1992, “Life-Based Teleology and the Foundations of Ethics”, The Monist, 75: 84–103. ––– (ed.), 1993, The Objectivist Forum (original pub. 1980–1987), New York: TOF Publications. Bissell, R., 1997, “The Essence of Art”, Objectivity, 2(5): 33–65.

–––, 2004, “Art As Microcosm”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 5(2): 305–363. –––, 2007, “Ayn Rand and ‘The Objective’: A Closer Look at the Intrinsic-Objective-Subjective Trichotomy”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 9(1): 53–92. –––, 2008, “Mind, Introspection, and ‘The Objective’”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 10(1): 3–84. Branden, B., 1986, The Passion of Ayn Rand, New York: Doubleday. –––, 1999, “Ayn Rand: The Reluctant Feminist” in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 25–46.

Branden, B. Branden, 1962, Who is Ayn Rand?: An Analysis of the Novels of Ayn Rand, New York: Random House. Branden, N., 1962, “Benevolence versus Altruism”, The Objectivist Newsletter (July), cited in Rand 1963c: 47. –––, 1971, The Psychology of Self-Esteem: A New Concept of Man’s Psychological Nature, New York: Bantam. –––, 1999, “Was Ayn Rand a Feminist?” in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 223–230. –––, 2009, The Vision of Ayn Rand: The Basic Principles of Objectivism, Gilbert, AZ: International Society for Individual Liberty.

Ari

Brown, S., 1999, “Ayn Rand: The Woman Who Would Not Be President,“ in in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 275–298. Browne, G., 2000, Necessary Factual Truth, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Brownmiller, S., 1975, “Ayn Rand: A Traitor to Her Own Sex”, in Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, Simon & Schuster and Curtis Brown Group Ltd., London; reprinted in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 63–66. Burns, J., 2009, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1969 1994, “Objectivism and the State: An Open Letter to Ayn Rand”, reprinted in Liberty Against Power: Essays by Roy A.

Childs, Jr., J. Taylor (ed.), San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes. 1986, “Ayn Rand: Theory versus Creative Life”, Journal of Libertarian Studies, 8 (1): 19–29. ––,“2013a, Rand, Paterson, and the Problem of Anarchism”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 13 (1): 3-25.

––,“2013b, Rejoinder to Roderick T. Long, Anarchism and Its Own Problems, ”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 13 (2): 224-245. Den Uyl, D. 1999, The Fountainhead: An American Novel, Woodbridge, Conn.: Twayne Publishers. Den Uyl, D.

Rasmussen, 1978, “Nozick on the Randian Argument”, The Personalist, April 1978; reprinted in Paul, J. (ed.), 1983, Reading Nozick, Essays on Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld, pp. ––– (eds), 1984a, The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand, Urbana: University of Illinois Press. –––, 1984b, “Capitalism”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 165–182. Dipert, R., 1987, “David Kelley’s Evidence of the Senses: A Realist Theory of Perception”, Reason Papers 12: 57–70. Falk, W.D., 1963, “Morality, Self, and Others”, Morality and the Language of Conduct, Hector-Neri Castaneda and George Nakhnikian (eds), Detroit: Wayne State University Press: pp.

Feyerabend, P., 1965, “On the ‘Meaning’ of Scientific Terms”, Journal of Philosophy, 62: pp. Flew, A., 1984, “Selfishness and the Unintended Consequences of Intended Action”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 183–205.

Gilligan, C., 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Ghate, O., 2013, “Perceptual Awareness as Presentational”, in Gotthelf and Lennox 2013: 85–111. Gladstein, M., 1978, “Ayn Rand and Feminism: An Unlikely Alliance”, College English 39(6): 680–685, reprinted in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 47–56.

–––, 1999, The New Ayn Rand Companion, Revised and Expanded Edition (1 st ed. 1984), Westport, Conn: Greenwood.

–––, 2000, Atlas Shrugged: Manifesto of the Mind, Woodbridge, Conn.: Twayne Publishers. Gladstein, M. Sciabarra (eds), 1999, Feminist Interpretations of Ayn Rand, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Glennon, L., 1979, Women and Dualism: A Sociology of Knowledge Analysis, New York: Longman. Gotthelf, A., 1999, On Ayn Rand, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. –––, 2013, “Ayn Rand’s Theory of Concepts: Rethinking Abstraction and Essence”, Gotthelf and Lennox 2013: 3–40. Gotthelf, A.

Lennox (eds), 2011, Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand’s Normative Theory, (Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies, vol. 1), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ––– (eds), 2013, Concepts and Their Role in Knowledge: Reflections on Objectivist Epistemology, (Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies, vol. 2), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Gotthelf, A., J.G.

Lennox, and G. Salmieri (eds), forthcoming, Ayn Rand and Aristotle, (Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies, vol. 4), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Gotthelf, A. Salmieri, 2005, “Ayn Rand”, in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Bristol: Thoemmes. Gotthelf, A.

Salmieri, 2016, A Companion to Ayn Rand, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Hampton, J., 1993, “Selflessness and the Loss of Self”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 10: 135–65, and in Altruism, E. Paul (ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Harrison B., 1978, “Psyching Out Ayn Rand”, Ms. (September): 24–34, reprinted in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 67–76. Heller, A., 2009, Ayn Rand and the World She Made, New York: Doubleday. Hospers, J., 1990a, “Conversations with Ayn Rand: Part I”, Liberty, 3(6): 23–26.

–––, 1990b, “Conversations with Ayn Rand: Part II”, Liberty, 4(1): 42–52. Huemer, M., 2002, “Is Benevolent Egoism Coherent?”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 3(2): 259–88.

Hunt, L., 1999, “Flourishing Egoism”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 16(1): 72–95. –––, 2006, “Thus Spake Howard Roark: Nietzschean Ideas in the Fountainhead”, in Philosophy and Literature, 30(1): 79–101. –––, 2007, “Structural Aspects of Atlas Shrugged” in Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion, Edward Younkins (ed.), Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.

57–62. Jilk, D., 2003, “What Are Entities?”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 5 (1): 67–86. Johnson, C., 2006, “What’s in a Name, or: Over My Shoulder #23”, Rad Geek People’s Daily, 14 May 2006. URL=. Kelley, D., 1981a, “The Primacy of Existence, I”, Objectivist Forum, 2(5): 1–6; reprinted in Binswanger 1993. –––, 1981b, “The Primacy of Existence, II”, Objectivist Forum, 2(6): 1–6; reprinted in Binswanger 1993. –––, 1984, “A Theory of Abstraction”, Cognition and Brain Theory, 7: 329–357.

–––, 1986, The Evidence of the Senses: A Realist Theory of Perception, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. –––, 1991, “Evidence and Justification”, Reason Papers, 16: 165–179.

–––, 2003 1996, Unrugged Individualism: The Selfish Basis of Benevolence, 2 nd ed., Poughkeepsie: Objectivist Center. –––, 2000, The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand: Truth and Toleration in the Objectivist Movement, 2 nd ed., New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers; 1 st ed., 1990. –––, 2015, “Happiness or Life, or Both: Reply to Ole Martin Moen”, Reason Papers, 37(1): 65–79. Cox, 1993, The Fountainhead: A Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration, Poughkeepsie: Objectivist Center. Krueger, 1984, “The Psychology of Abstraction”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 14: 43–67. Khawaja, I., 2011, “The Foundations of Ethics: Objectivism and Analytic Philosophy”, in Gotthelf and Lennox 2011: 49–73. King, C., 1984, “Life and the Theory of Value: The Randian Argument Reconsidered”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 102–121.

Kuhn, T., 1970, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (2 nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2013, “Concepts, Context, and the Advance of Science”, in Gotthelf and Lennox 2013: 112-133. Long, R., 2000, Reason and Value: Aristotle versus Rand, with Commentaries by Fred D. And Eyal Moses, and a Reply by Long. Poughkeepsie: Objectivist Center. –––, 2005a, “Praxeology: Who Needs It”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 6(2): 299–316. –––, 2005b, “Reference and Necessity: A Rand-Kripke Synthesis?”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 7(1): 209–28.

Machan (eds), 2009, Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?, Aldershot: Ashgate. Long, R., 2013, ““Reply to Stephen Cox: Anarchism and the Problems of Rand and Paterson”, ”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 13(2): 210-223. Machan, T., 1984, “Reason, Individualism, and Capitalism: The Moral Vision of Ayn Rand”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 206–223. ––– (ed.), 1998, Special Forum on Rand and Philosophy, Reason Papers, 23 (Fall). –––, 2000, Ayn Rand, New York: Peter Lang Publishing. Mack, E., 1984, “The Fundamental Moral Elements of Rand’s Theory of Rights”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 122–61. –––, 2003, “Problematic Arguments in Randian Ethics”, Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 5(1): 1–66.

Matson, W., 1984, “Rand on Concepts”, in Den Uyl and Rasmussen 1984a: 21–37. McConnell, S., 2010, 100 Voices: an Oral History of Ayn Rand, New American Library. McElroy, W., 1999, “Looking Through a Paradigm Darkly”, in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 157–172. Merrill, R.E. Enright, 2013, Ayn Rand Explained: From Tyranny to Tea Party, updated and revised edition of Merrill’s The Ideas of Ayn Rand, Chicago: Open Court, 1991. Michalson, K., 1999, “Who is Dagny Taggart?: The Epic Hero/ine in Disguise” in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 199–219. Miller, F., 2000, “Reason and Perception in Ayn Rand’s Epistemology”, Objectivist Studies, 3: 65–83.

–––, 2005, “Ayn Rand as Aristotelian: Values and Happiness”, Presented at the Ayn Rand Society, The American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division Meetings. Miller, F.D. Mossoff, forthcoming, “Ayn Rand’s Theory of Rights: An Exposition and Response to Critics”, in Gotthelf, Lennox, and Salmieri (eds.) forthcoming. Narveson, J., 1998, “Ayn Rand as Moral & Political Philosopher”, Reason Papers, 23: 96–100.

Nozick, R., 1971, “On the Randian Argument”, in Reading Nozick, Essays on Anarchy, State, and Utopia, J. Paul (ed.), Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld, pp. 206–231; reprinted in R. Nozick, Socratic Puzzles, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997, pp. O’Neil, P., 1983, “Ayn Rand and the Is-Ought Problem”, Journal of Libertarian Studies, 7(1): 81–99.

Peikoff, L., 1991, Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, New York: Dutton. Podritske, M. Schwartz, 2009, Objectively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Powell, Aaron (ed.), forthcoming, Arguments for Liberty, Washington, DC: Cato. Pojman, L., 1995, Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong, 7 th ed., revised by J. Fieser, Cengage Advantage Books. Presley, S., 1999, “Ayn Rand’s Philosophy of Individualism: A Feminist Psychologist’s Perspective”, in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 251–274. Rachels, J., 2000, “Egoism and Skepticism”, in Exploring Ethics: An Introductory Anthology, 1st ed., S.M. Cahn (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.

Rasmussen, D., 2002, “Rand on Obligation and Value”, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 4(1): 69–86. –––, 2006, “Regarding Choice and the Foundation of Morality: Reflections on Rand’s Ethics”, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 7(2): 309–328. –––, 2007, “The Aristotelian Significance of the Section Titles of Atlas Shrugged” in Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion, E. Younkins (ed.), Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 33–45. Rothbard, M.

N., 1968, “Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal”, Ramparts, 6(4): 48–52. –––, 1978, For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto, revised edition, New York: Macmillan. Salmieri, G., 2013, “Conceptualization and Justification”, in Gotthelf and Lennox 2013: 41–84. Salmieri, G. Mayhew (eds), forthcoming, The Philosophy of Capitalism: Objectivism and Alternative Approaches, (Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies: Volume 3), Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Sciabarra, C., 1995, Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

–––, 1998, “Bowdlerizing Ayn Rand”, Liberty, 11(7): 65. –––, 1999a, Ayn Rand: Her Life and Thought, Poughkeepsie: The Objectivist Center. –––, 1999b, “The Rand Transcript”, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 1(1): 1–26. –––, 2003, Ayn Rand, Homosexuality, and Human Liberation, Cape Town: Leap Publishing. –––, 2005, “The Rand Transcript, Revisited”, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 7(1): 1–17. Sheaffer, R., 1999, “Rereading Rand on Gender in the Light of Paglia”, in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 299–317. Shermer, M., 1993, “The Unlikeliest Cult in History”, Skeptic, 2(2): 74–81.

Smith, T., 1997, Moral Rights and Political Freedom, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. –––, 2000, Viable Values: A Study of Life as the Root and Reward of Morality, New York: Rowman & Littlefield. –––, 2006, Ayn Rand’s Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swanton, C., 2011, “Egoism and Virtue in Nietzsche and Rand”, Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand’s Normative Theory, Gotthelf and Lennox 2011: 87–100. Taylor, J., 1999, “Ayn Rand and the Concept of Feminism: A Reclamation”, in Gladstein and Sciabarra 1999: 231–249. Thomas, W., 2005, The Literary Art of Ayn Rand, Poughkeepsie: Objectivist Center.

Kamhi, 2000, What Art Is: The Esthetic Theory of Ayn Rand, Chicago: Open Court. George, 2000, “Ayn Rand and the Metaphysics of Kant”, The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies, 2(1): 69–103. Wilson, T.D., 2004, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Wright, D., 2008, “Evaluative Concepts and Objective Values: Rand on Moral Objectivity”, Social Philosophy and Policy, 25: 149–181. Younkins, E., 2005, Philosophers of Capitalism: Menger, Mises, Rand, and Beyond, Lanham, MS: Lexington Books. Zwolinski, M., forthcoming, “A Critique of Rand’s Theory of Rights”, in Gotthelf, Lennox, and Salmieri (eds.) forthcoming.